Szerkesztő:Milei.vencel/Ethnic groups in Europe

Európa főbb nyelveinek eloszlása

• Romantikus, beleértve Aromán, Arpitan, katalán, korzikai, francia és más oïl nyelvek, friuli, galíciai, Istro-román, olasz, ladino, Megleno-román, okszitán, portugál, román, rétoromán, szardíniai és spanyol .
• Germán, beleértve a dán, holland, angol, feröeri, fríz, német, izlandi, limburgi, alsószász, luxemburgi, norvég, skót, svéd és jiddis nyelvet . Az afrikaans nyelvet, a holland leánynyelvet néhány dél -afrikai és namíbiai migráns népesség beszéli.
• Szláv, beleértve a fehérorosz, bosnyák, bolgár, horvát, cseh, kasub, macedón, montenegrói, lengyel, orosz, ruszin, ruszin, szerb, szlovák, szlovén, szorbiai és ukrán nyelvet.

Három önálló indoeurópai nyelv nem tartozik nagyobb alcsoportokba, ezek:

• Görög (körülbelül 12 millió)
• Albán (körülbelül 9 millió)
• Örmény (körülbelül 3,5 millió)

Ezenkívül vannak kisebb alcsoportok az európai indoeurópai nyelveken belül, beleértve;

• Balti, beleértve a lett, a litván, Samogitian és Latgalian .
• Kelta nyelvek, beleértve a bretont, a kornit, az ír, a manxot, a walesi és a skót gaelt .
• Iráni, főként oszétiai a Kaukázusban, valamint kurd Anatóliában .
• Az indoárját a kelet-európai roma emberek által beszélt roma nyelv képviseli, és alapjában rokon az indiai árja nyelveivel az indiai szubkontinensen .

Az indoeurópai nyelveken kívül vannak más nyelvcsaládok is az európai kontinensen, amelyek egyáltalán nem kapcsolódnak az indoeurópaihoz:

• Uráli nyelvek, köztük az észt, a finn, a magyar, a komi, a livén, a mari, a mordvin, a számi, a szamojéd és az udmurt .
• Török nyelvek, beleértve az azeri, baskír, csuvas, gagauz, kazah, nogai, tatár és török nyelvet.
• Sémi nyelvek, többek között: asszír új-arámi (Törökország keleti részén és a Kaukázus egyes részein beszélik az asszír keresztények ), héber (néhány zsidó lakosság beszéli) és máltai . Arabul beszél néhány migráns közösség a Közel -Keletről és Észak -Afrikából.
• Kartveliai nyelvek (más néven dél -kaukázusi nyelvek ), köztük a grúz, a laz, a mingrelian, a szvan és a zan .
• Északnyugat -kaukázusi nyelvek, beleértve az abház, abaza, adyghe, cserkesz, kabard és Ubykh nyelveket.
• Északkelet -kaukázusi nyelvek, beleértve az avar, csecsen, dargin, ingus, lak és lezgian nyelveket .
• Nyelvi izolátumok : A baszk, amelyet Spanyolország és Franciaország baszk régióiban beszélnek, egy izolált nyelv, az egyetlen Európában, és úgy vélik, hogy nem kapcsolódik más élő vagy kihalt nyelvhez.
• A mongol nyelvek Kalmyk formájában léteznek, amelyeket Oroszország Kaukázusában beszélnek.

• Western Asians
  • Turks: There were 10 million Turks living in Western Europe and the Balkans in 1997 (excluding Northern Cyprus and Turkey). By 2010 there was up to 15 million Turks living in the European Union (i.e. excluding Turkish communities in Turkey as well as several Balkan countries and former USSR countries which are not in the EU). According to Dr Araks Pashayan 10 million "Euro-Turks" alone were living in Germany, France, the Netherlands and Belgium in 2012. In addition, there is 500,000 Turks in the UK (2011 estimate), 500,000 in Austria (2011 estimate) 150,000 in Sweden, 120,000 in Switzerland, 70,000 in Denmark (2008 estimate), as well as growing communities in Italy, Lichtenstein, Finland and Spain. In addition, over one million Turks were living in the Balkans in 2019 (especially in Bulgaria, Greece, Kosovo, North Macedonia and Romania), and approximately 400,000 Meskhetian Turks were living in the Eastern European regions of the Post-Soviet states (i.e. Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine) in 2014.
  • Jews: approx. 2.0 million, mostly in France, the UK, Russia and Germany. They are descended from the Israelites of the Middle East (Southwest Asia), originating from the historical kingdoms of Israel and Judah.
    • Ashkenazi Jews: approx. 1.4 million, mostly in the United Kingdom, France, Russia, Germany and Ukraine. They are believed by scholars to have arrived from Israel via southern Europe in the Roman era and settled in France and Germany towards the end of the first millennium. The Nazi Holocaust wiped out the vast majority during World War II and forced most to flee, with many of them going to Israel.
    • Sephardi Jews: approx. 0.3 million, mostly in France. They arrived via Spain and Portugal in the pre-Roman and Roman eras, and were forcibly converted or expelled in the 15th and 16th centuries.
    • Mizrahi Jews: approx. 0.3 million, mostly in France, via Islamic-majority countries of the Middle East.
    • Italqim: approx. 50,000, mostly in Italy, since the 2nd century BC.
    • Romaniotes: approx. 6,000, mostly in Greece, with communities dating at least from the 1st century AD.
    • Crimean Karaites (Karaim): less than 4,000, mostly in Ukraine, Poland and Lithuania. They arrived in Crimea in the Middle Ages.
  • Assyrians: mostly in Sweden and Germany, as well as in Russia, Armenia, Denmark and Great Britain (see Assyrian diaspora). Assyrians have been present in Eastern Turkey since the Bronze Age (circa 2000 BCE).
  • Kurds: approx. 2.5 million, mostly in the UK, Germany, Sweden and Turkey.
  • Iraqi diaspora: mostly in the UK, Germany and Sweden, and can be of varying ethnic origin, including Arabs, Assyrians, Kurds, Armenians, Shabaks, Mandeans, Turks, Kawliya and Yezidis.
  • Lebanese diaspora: especially in France, Netherlands, Germany, Cyprus and the UK.
  • Syrian diaspora: Largest number of Syrians live in Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden and can be of varying ethnic origin, including; Arabs, Assyrians, Kurds, Armenians, Arameans, Turks, Mhallami and Yezidis.
• Africans
  • North Africans (North African Arabs, Egyptian Copts, and Berbers): approx. 5 million, mostly in France, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands and Sweden. The bulk of North African migrants are Moroccans, although France also has a large number of Algerians, and others may be from Egypt (including Copts), Libya and Tunisia.
  • Horn Africans (Somalis, Ethiopians, Eritreans, Djiboutians, and the Northern Sudanese): approx. 700,000, mostly in Scandinavia, the UK, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Finland, and Italy. Majority arrived to Europe as refugees. Proportionally few live in Italy despite former colonial ties, most live in the Nordic countries.
  • Sub-Saharan Africans (many ethnicities including Afro-Caribbeans, African-Americans, Afro-Latinos and others by descent): approx. 5 million, mostly in the UK and France, with smaller numbers in the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal and elsewhere.
• Latin Americans: approx. 2.2 million, mainly in Spain and to a lesser extent Italy and the UK. See also Latin American Britons (80,000 Latin American born in 2001).
  • Brazilians: around 70,000 in Portugal and Italy each, and 50,000 in Germany (mainly German-Brazilians).
  • Chilean refugees escaping the Augusto Pinochet regime of the 1970s formed communities in France, Sweden, the UK, former East Germany and the Netherlands.
  • Venezuelans: around 520,000 mostly in Spain (200,000), Portugal (100,000), France (30,000), Germany (20,000), UK (15,000), Ireland (5,000), Italy (5,000) and the Netherlands (1,000).^[forrás?]
• South Asians: approx. 3–4 million, mostly in the UK but reside in smaller numbers in Germany and France.

  

  A Roma makes a complaint to a local magistrate in Hungary, by Sándor Bihari, 1886

  • Romani (Gypsies): approx. 4 or 10 million (although estimates vary widely), dispersed throughout Europe but with large numbers concentrated in the Balkans area, they are of ancestral South Asian and European descent, originating from the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent.
  • Indians: approx. 2 million, mostly in the UK, also in Italy, in Germany and smaller numbers in Ireland.
  • Pakistanis: approx. 1,000,000, mostly in the UK and in Italy, but also in Norway and Sweden.
  • Bangladeshi residing in Europe estimated at over 500,000, mostly in the UK and in Italy.
  • Sri Lankans: approx. 200,000, mainly in the UK and in Italy.
  • Nepalese: approx. 50,000 in the UK.
  • Afghans, about 100,000 to 200,000, most happen to live in the UK, but Germany and Sweden are destinations for Afghan immigrants since the 1960s.
• Southeast Asians
  • Filipinos: above 1 million, mostly in Italy, the UK, France, Germany, and Spain.
  • Others of multiple nationalities, ca. total 1 million, such as Indonesians in the Netherlands, Thais in the UK and Sweden, Vietnamese in France and former East Germany, and Cambodians in France, together with Burmese, Malaysian, Singaporean, Timorese and Laotian migrants. See also Vietnamese people in the Czech Republic.
• East Asians
  • Chinese: approx. 1.7 million, mostly in France, Russia, the UK, Spain, Italy and the Netherlands.
  • Japanese: mostly in the UK and a sizable community in Düsseldorf, Germany.
  • Koreans: 100,000 estimated (excludes a possible 100,000 more in Russia), mainly in the UK, France and Germany. See also Koryo-saram.
  • Mongolians in Germany.
• North Americans
  • U.S. and Canadian expatriates: American British and Canadian British, Canadiens and Acadians in France, as well as Americans/Canadians of European ancestry residing elsewhere in Europe.
    • African Americans (i.e. African American British) who are Americans of black/African ancestry reside in other countries. In the 1920s, African-American entertainers established a colony in Paris (African American French) and descendants of World War II/Cold War-era black American soldiers stationed in France, Germany and Italy are well known.
• Others
  • European diaspora – Australians, New Zealanders, South Africans (mostly White South Africans of Afrikaner and British descent), and white Namibians, Zimbabweans, Kenyans, Malawians and Zambians mainly in the UK, together with white Angolans and Mozambicans, mainly of Portuguese descent.
  • Pacific Islanders: A small population of Tahitians of Polynesian origin in mainland France, Fijians in the United Kingdom from Fiji and Māori in the United Kingdom of the Māori people of New Zealand, a small number of Tongans and Samoans, also in the United Kingdom.
  • Amerindians and Inuit, a scant few in the European continent of American Indian ancestry (often Latin Americans in Spain, France and the UK; Inuit in Denmark), but most may be children or grandchildren of U.S. soldiers from American Indian tribes by intermarriage with local European women.

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