Szerkesztő:Szopronista

A SPORTSZAKNYELVI VIZSGA TÉMAKÖREI

Sportágak

1.A korcsolyázás (műkorcsolyázás, jégtánc, gyorskorcsolyázás)

SKATING The skate is a metal runner attached to the sole of a boot used in gliding over ice. Figure skate has a short blade with tooth like picks at the front. It helps in stops, spins and jumps. The bottom of the blade has a curve, that permits the skater to maker sharp turns and spins. FIGURE SKATING Figure skating has always been schizophrenic never quite sure what it should be: art or athletics, grace or strength, a show or a match, a dance or a jump. Even in the calmest of times, the judges try guess which way the hybrid is leaning. The reason is that the ladies outdraw the men in figure skating - which is what makes the jumpmania so risky, potentially self-destructive. If the main criterion becomes jumps, if the athleticism overwhelms the elegance, then the women risk those the women risk those lethal direct comparisons that have comprised the popularity of all other women's sport. the younger and younger skaters, concentrating on a few energetic moves, could turn figure skating into another gymnastics. The emphasis on acrobatics has been heightened with the corresponding demise of the school figure, the single most tedious execise in sport. For the shool figs, competitors were required to trace precise, ordered marks in the ice. The judges then came out and bent over and, rather like so many witch doctors examining chicken entrails, studied these symmetrical scratchings and ordained the champion. Already there is the sence that the jumps are cannibalizing the competitions. The skaters louse up the heart and soul of skating that lies, incapably, between the jumps. The most important types of jumps are: Salchow, Lutz, Toe loop, Flip, Loop and Axel. The Axel - named after a Norwegian skater Axel Paulsen - is the most difficult of jumps, the only one the skater attempts while moving forward. Lutz is a jump from an outer backward edge of on foot, assist by a toe pick or toe point from foot with a full turn in the air and a return to the outer backward edge of the opposite foot, finishing with a curve in the direction opposite the original curve. Nowadays the best skaters can land most of them in triple forms, and now they are trying to do four turns is some of them. They show athletic combinations of jumps during their performances such as: triple flip - triple toe loop combination, or triple Lutz - double Rittberger combination. Among jumps they have to show artistic elements, too, like spread eagle - in which the skater cants backwards at a harrowing angle carving a wide, slow circle on the outer edge of his blade - or an Arabian, or pirouettes. Competition takes place in two stages. First, there is the original programme, executed for 2 minutes 40 seconds maximum to music selected by the contestants. The first stage must include 8 elements of free skating ( a jump combination of 2 jumps, 2 spins, 2 step sequences). Two marks are given: one for the "required elements" and one for the "presentation". The first mark takes precedence in case of a tie. The other stage is the free programme, which is longer, lasting 4 minutes 30 seconds maximum for men and pairs, 4 minutes for women. It brings in technical ability, artistic flair, the synchronization of movements to music, the originality of the music chosen, the quality of execution. The performance is judges with two marks: one for "technical merit" another for "artistic impression" which can be the crucial factor in placing the contestants. Although movement resulting in a fall are not counted, the final mark is nevertheless affected. For both programmes the jury is composed of 9 judges of different nationalities, accompanied by a referee and an assistant judge. They use the following markers scale: 0= not skated, 1=very poor, 2=poor, 3=mediocre, 4=good, 5=very good, 6=perfect and faultless. The judge use decimals. Each contestant gets a place attributed by each judge. Since "compulsory figure" were withdrawn in 1990, the final ranking is determined according to placing in the original programme ( coefficient 0,5) and the free programme ( coefficient 1), converted into points. The winner is the one with the smallest total. Skating events are: man's and woman's individual, pair skating and ice dancing. PAIR SKATING It is the skating in unison of two people who perform their movements in harmony. It is very athletic and includes lifts, throws and side-by-side spins. Although they do not always perform the same movements and they separate from time to time, they must always give the impression of unity. Death spiral is a very typical element of pair skating. In this element the man spin in place while holding the outstretched arm of the woman who spirals around him supported on one skate, gradually increasing the radius of the spiral and lowering herself to the surface so that her body is level and her head is just above the surface. ICE DANCING The emphasis is less on athletics and more on poetry than in figure skating pairs with different rules, in which jumps, spins and lifts do not figure in the coreography. Compulsory dances are still part of the competition. They are defined as follows: „ An composition involving the skating of prescribed patterns to music the rhythm and tempo of which are defined.” These compulsory pieces, taken from or specified int he programme, must be performed within a given time: 1 minute, for example, for an American or a European waltz, or 4 complete sequences for a fox-trot, rocker fox-trot, quick-step or rumba, etc. Marks allocated represent 20% of the final score. The second part of the progamme is creative dance. The pairs can choose the composition and originality of the performance to music whose rhythm and tempo have been prescribed by the ISU ( International Skating Union) committee. The jury gives marks for the composition and the presentation, which represent 30% of the total score. As for the free dance, the last part allows 4 minutes for inspired couples to express all their talent, grace and artistic emotions. They will be judges on technical merit (difficulty, originality, variety, precision and assurance), artistic impression (musical selection, composition, use of the rink, ease, assurance, speed). They count for 50% the final score. ROLLER SKATING is a type of skating. SPEED SKATING There are 11 events on the programme: 500m, 1000m, 1500m, 3000m, 5000m and 10000m for men: 500m, 1000m, 1500m, 3000m, and 5000m for women. According to regulations they must be scheduled in a particular order. Races always oppose two athletes of different nationalities, who have tor un in one of the two 4 m side lanes, anticlockwise in the skate rink. At the approach of the bends – of which the inner curve measures 26 m, the outer 30 m – the two skaters engaged int he two 100 m straight stretches have to change lanes over a marked stretch 70 m long, to cancel out this difference. If they fail to do this, they are disqualified. To avoid getting in each other’s way during the cross-over, the one on the outer track has priority. It is also against the rules to cross the snow lines, the painted line or the one marked with mobile bollards. The inside (white armband) or the outside (red armband) position at the start is the luck of the draw. A first draw takes place between three groups representing three levels of ability. Int he seciond draw, the first of the two to be drawn takes the inside track. If pairs competing are determined from the results obtained over the preceding distance, the best of the two takes the inside track. At European and World Championships the all-round winners are also awarded. SHORT TRACK SPEED SKATING This sport event was born in North America, but it is still a myself how it was invented. This young sport, whole first competition was less than twenty years ago, has come a long way. The events are held in a traditional skating rink on a 112 m circuit: the straights are very short, only 28,85m. The men complete in 1000 m and in 5000 m relay, and the women in the 500 m and the 3000 m relay. The modus operandi consists of heats leading to direct elimination up to the final. Depending on the distance or the heats, 6 or 4 competitors start in a line. Only the placing counts. Twenty-minute rest breaks are allowed between races. The two first-place athletes in each heat go through to the next round until final line-up is reached. In the relays, several teams of four skaters take part in each race, and each one has at least one skater in action for one or more laps: they can relay on another in the straights. By the end of the race, 27 or 45 laps have been completed. Easier said than done when skaters turn round the tight bends, where they touch the ice with their hand to steady themselves, at speeds up to 50 km/h.

IRODALOM

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