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Szerkesztő:LewisBristle/Mephedrone

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LewisBristle/Mephedrone
IUPAC-név
(RS)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-2-methylaminopropan-1-one
Más nevek 4-methyl-N-methylcathinone
Kémiai azonosítók
CAS-szám 1189805-46-6,
1189726-22-4 (HCl)
PubChem 29982893
ChemSpider 21485694
Kémiai és fizikai tulajdonságok
Kémiai képlet C11H15NO
Moláris tömeg 177.242 g/mol
Terápiás előírások
Jogi státusz Németországban, Izraelben, Norvégiában, Észtországban és Svédországban illegális.[1]
Alkalmazás Oral, insufflated


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Mephedrone (2-methylamino-1-p-tolylpropan-1-one),[2] also known as 4-methylmethcathinone (4-MMC), 4-methylephedrone, meow meow[3] or MMCAT[4], is a stimulant and entactogen drug of the phenethylamine, amphetamine, and cathinone chemical classes. It is reported to be contained in some legal highs and is sometimes sold mixed with methylone, also known as “Bubbles”.[5]

Appearance

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Mephedrone is most commonly sold as a white powder or crystal form or capsules containing the powder.[6] It can also be found in pill form.

History

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The Psychonaut Research Project, an EU organisation that searches the internet for information regarding new drugs, first identified mephedrone in 2008. Their research suggests that the drug first became available in 2007.[4] Mephedrone was first seized in France in May 2007 after police sent a tablet that they assumed to be ecstacy to be analysed.[6] The drug was used in early products, such as Neodoves pills, by the legal high company Neorganics, but the range was discontinued in January 2008 after the government of Israel, where the company is based, made mephedrone illegal. It has been reported to be sold as a designer drug,[7] but little is known about its pharmacology or toxicology as of yet. Mephedrone has recently been reported as having been sold as "ecstasy" in the Australian city of Cairns, along with ethylcathinone,[8][9][10] and has also been reported in Europe and the United States.[11][12] It is reportedly currently manufactured in China.[13] The Daily Telegraph reported that manufacturers are making "huge amounts of money" from selling the drug.[14] Druglink magazine reported that dealers in Britain spend £2,500 to ship one kilogram from China but can sell it on for £10 a gram making a profit of £7,500.[15]

Effects

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Intended effects

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According to the company Crew2000, intended effects include increased alertness, euphoria, excitement, feeling of stimulation, urge to talk, and openness.[5]

Side effects

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According to the Darlington Drug and Alcohol Action Team, mephedrone can cause nose bleeds, nose burns, hallucinations, blood circulation problems, rashes, anxiety, paranoia, fits and delusions.[1] According to the company Crew2000, other problems may include poor concentration, poor short-term memory, tachycardia, palpitations, anxiety, depression, hyperhidrosis, mydriasis, trismus, and bruxism.[5]

A survey conducted by the National Addiction Centre, UK found that 51% of mephedrone users said they suffered from headaches, 43% from heart palpitations, 27% from nausea and 15% from cold or blue fingers.[16]

Long-term effects

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The BBC News reported that one person who used the drug for 18 months, in the end using it twice a week, had to be admitted to a psychiatric unit after he started experiencing hallucinations, agitation, excitability and mania.[17] Almost nothing is known about the long term effects of the drug due to the short history of its use.[16]

Typical usage and consumption

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The Guardian reported that some users compulsively redose, consuming their whole supply when they only meant to use a small dose.[18] A survey conducted by the National Addiction Centre (UK) found that one in three readers of Mixmag had used mephedrone in the last month, making it the fourth most popular drug amongst clubbers.[16]

Toxicity

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At present, very little is known about the toxicity of 4-methylmethcathinone. Reported side effects suggest it may cause pronounced peripheral vasoconstriction, which has been speculated to result from formation of the potent vasoconstrictor 4-methylephedrine as a metabolite,[2] a compound known to have significantly more cardiovascular toxicity than ephedrine itself.[19] Reports of addiction and problematic use have also emerged.[1] Professor David Nutt, former chair of the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs in the UK has said "people are better off taking ecstasy or amphetamines than those [drugs] we know nothing about" and "Who knows what's in [mephedrone] when you buy it? We don't have a testing system. It could be very dangerous, we just don't know. These chemicals have never been put into animals, let alone humans."[20]

Deaths

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On December 14, 2008, an 18-year-old Swedish woman died in Stockholm after taking mephedrone in combination with other drugs. The 18-year-old and some friends took the substance in combination with cannabis on the night of Friday, 12 December. An ambulance was soon called to Bandhagen after the girl went into convulsions and turned blue in the face, Svenska Dagbladet reported.[21] Mephedrone was scheduled to be classified as a "dangerous substance" in Sweden even before the girl's death at Karolinska University Hospital on Sunday, 14 December, but the death brought much more media attention to the drug. The handling of mephedrone became classified as a criminal offence in Sweden on Monday 15 December.(2008).[22]

On January 27 2010, a 49-year-old Dunfermline woman died shortly after taking mephedrone. It is currently unknown whether any other drugs were involved.[23]

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4-MMC confiscated in Oregon
  • Australia: Mephedrone is not specifically listed as prohibited in Australia. Federal Police have stated that it is an analog to methcathinone and therefore illegal. No one in Australia has yet been charged with possession of mephedrone as authorities are divided over its legality.[24][25]
  • Denmark: Denmark's Minister for Health and Prevention, Jakob Axel Nielsen, banned mephedrone,[16] flephedrone and ethylcathinone on December 18, 2008. (from Ministry of Health and Prevention press release)
  • Finland: Through the Medicines Act, 4-methylmethcathinone is classified as a "medicinal product", making it illegal to manufacture, import, possess, sell, or transfer without a prescription. (from ot.fi, date unknown and City.fi, September 5, 2008)[1]
  • Germany: Mephedrone became illegal in Germany on January 22, 2010.[26]
  • Israel: In December 2007, 4-methylmethcathinone was added to Israel's list of controlled substances, making it illegal to buy, sell, or possess.[1]
  • Norway: The "Derivatbestemmelsen" is an Analog Act-type law in Norway that controls 4-methylmethcathinone, Bk-MBDB, Bromo-DragonFLY, 1,4-butanediol, GBL, and MBDB. See legemiddelverket.no. (last updated April 29, 2009)[1]
  • Romania On February 10,2010 Romania revised it's drug policy including 4-mmc and all Cathinone related products to Table I considering it a high risk narcotic. Possesion, sale, manufacture or distribution are punishable with 3 to 15 years in prison.
  • Sweden: Classified as a "health hazard" or "hazardous substance" ("hälsofarlig vara") pending further legislation, a ban on 4-methylmethcathinone went into effect on December 15, 2008, making its sale illegal. On June 15, 2009 it was classified as a narcotic.[1][27]
  • Estonia: Classified as a "narcotic or psychotropic" substance and added to controlled substances list on November 27, 2009.[1][28]
  • United Kingdom: Mephedrone/4MMC is currently not covered by the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971; psychiatrists have lobbied for it to be banned.[13] It is, however, an offence to sell it for human consumption.[1] The Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs are investigating mephedrone as a priority along with other legal highs and will report their findings in 2010.[20] To work around the Medicines Act, which prohibits its sale for human consumption, it is often sold as "plant food."[16]
  • United States: 4-Methylmethcathinone is unscheduled in the United States.[29]

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i „Police warning over 'bubble' drug”, BBC News, 2009. november 20. (Hozzáférés: 2009. november 27.) 
  2. ↑ a b Meyer MR, Peters FT, Maurer HH (2009). „Metabolism of the new designer drug mephedrone and toxicological detection of the beta keto designer drugs mephedrone, butylone and methylone in urine”. Annales de Toxicologie Analytique 21, S1. o. 
  3. ↑ Ozimek, John: Meow madness really is a load of b*ll*cks. The Register, 2009. november 2. (Hozzáférés: 2010. január 13.)
  4. ↑ a b Psychonaut WEB MAPPING Project Newsletter, 2009. június 1. (Hozzáférés: 2009. december 19.)
  5. ↑ a b c Crew 2000 - Drugs - Information, Advice and Support - Home. (Hozzáférés: 2009. november 26.) Direct link to PDF file: [1]
  6. ↑ a b Roussel O, Perrin M, Herard P, Chevance M, Arpino P (2009). „Is 4-methylephedrone, an “Ecstasy” of the twenty first century?” (french nyelven). Annales de Toxicologie Analytique. DOI:10.1051/ata/2009048. 
  7. ↑ Davies S. Drug Trends and New Designer Drugs. St George's University of London. 6th November 2008. (PDF). (Hozzáférés: 2009. augusztus 11.)
  8. ↑ Killer pills hit Cairns. Cairns.com.au, 2008. június 18. (Hozzáférés: 2009. augusztus 11.)
  9. ↑ Police warn of potentially fatal 'fake ecstasy'. Abc.net.au. (Hozzáférés: 2009. augusztus 11.)
  10. ↑ Ecstasy users warned of drug switch. News.com.au, 2008. június 20. (Hozzáférés: 2009. augusztus 11.)
  11. ↑ EMCDDA 2008 Annual Report. (Hozzáférés: 2009. november 26.)
  12. ↑ DEA Microgram Bulletin July 2009
  13. ↑ a b Psychiatrists call for 'legal high' drug 4-MMC to be banned, Telegraph, 30 Apr 2009
  14. ↑ Legal online drugs providing real alternative to Class A substances, Telegraph, 12 Mar 2009
  15. ↑ Campbell, Denis. „Fears grow over safety of 'legal high' mephedrone”, The Observer, 2010. január 17. (Hozzáférés: 2010. március 9.) 
  16. ↑ a b c d e Clubbers are 'turning to new legal high mephedrone' BBC News Jim Reed 13 January 2010
  17. ↑ Call for ban on 'legal high' drug, BBC News, 30 April 2009
  18. ↑ Online sales of legal alternatives to class A drugs raise safety fears, guardian.co.uk, 12 March 2009
  19. ↑ Hartung WH, Munch JC, Deckart WA, Crossley F (1930. August). „AMINO-ALCOHOLS. II. HOMOLOGS AND ANALOGS OF PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE”. Journal of the American Chemical Society 52 (8), 3317–3322. o. DOI:10.1021/ja01371a046. 
  20. ↑ a b Saner, Emine. „Mephedrone and the problem with 'legal highs'”, The Guardian, 2009. december 5. (Hozzáférés: 2009. december 24.) 
  21. ↑ Woman died of mephedrone
  22. ↑ Teenager dies of 'net drug' overdose — The Local
  23. ↑ „Legal high warning after 'bubbles' drug death”, BBC News, 2010. január 27. (Hozzáférés: 2010. március 8.) 
  24. ↑ http://iphone.news.com.au/stories/217391
  25. ↑ Bachl, Matt. „AFP seize 20kg of party drug mephedrone”, Ninemsn, 2009. december 8. (Hozzáférés: 2009. december 13.) 
  26. ↑ Vierundzwanzigste Verordnung zur Änderung betäubungsmittelrechtlicher Vorschriften (24. BtMÄndV)
  27. ↑ Svensk författningssamling (in Swedish)
  28. ↑ [2] (in Estonian)
  29. ↑ United States Drug Enforcement Agency Drug Scheduling. Accessed 23:50 GMT 11th January 2010
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Sablon:Stimulants Sablon:Entactogens Sablon:Adrenergics Sablon:Dopaminergics Sablon:Serotonergics Sablon:Phenethylamines



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